Quinine

Brands of Quinine in Kenya

Agenquine ,Shanghai Agen International Trade Co.ltd
Curaquin, Regal Pharmaceuticals Limited
Laquine, Questa Care Inc
Linquine-F, Lincoln Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Mosqin, Indus Pharma (Pvt.) Ltd.
Quimed,Medisel Kenya Ltd
Quinamor , Sphinx Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Quinidil , Biodeal Laboratories Ltd
Quinine , Crown Healthcare
Quinine , Medivet Products Ltd
Quinine mixture, Laboratory & Allied Ltd
Quinine Sulphate, Universal Corporation Limited
Quinine Dihydrochloride Intravenous Infusion BP , Laborate Pharmaceuticals India Limited
S-quin , Syner-Med Pharmaceuticals (K) Ltd
Topquine, Dawa Limited
Vitaquin , Reddys Pharma Limited

Quinine is a cinchona alkaloid and a 4-methanolquinoline antimalarial agent which is a rapidly acting blood schizontocide with activity against Plasmodium falciparum, P vivax, P ovale and P malariae. It is active against the gametocytes of P malariae and P vivax, but not against mature gametocytes of P falciparum. Since it has no activity against exoerythrocytic forms, quinine does not produce a radical cure in vivax or ovale malarias.


Quinine in Kenya : Brands, Prices, Generics, Side Effects., Antimalarials in Kenya
Quinine Sulfate Chemical Structure

MODE OF ACTION

The precise mechanism of action of quinine is unclear but it may interfere with lysosome function or nucleic acid synthesis in the malaria parasite.

INDICATIONS

Treatment of falciparum (malignant tertian) malaria.

Treatment and prevention of nocturnal leg cramps in adults and the elderly, when cramps cause regular disruption of sleep

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

For the treatment of falciparum (malignant tertian) malaria:

Adults (including elderly) and children aged 12 years and over: 600mg every eight hours for 7 days. The dose may depend upon the size of the patient, severity of infection, and evidence of renal or liver disease (when the intervals should be increased), due to a prolonged half-life of the drug.

If quinine resistance is known or suspected on completion of the course additional treatment may be given. This may be one of the following:

1. doxycycline 200mg daily (as a single dose or in 2 divided doses) for at least 7 days.

2. clindamycin 300mg four times daily for 5 days.

Children aged 10-12 years: 10mg/kg every eight hours for 7 days.

Children under 10 years: Not recommended

For the treatment and prevention of nocturnal leg cramps:

Adults (including elderly):

The recommended dose is 200mg at bedtime. The maximum dose is 300mg.

A reduction in frequency of leg cramps may take up to 4 weeks to become apparent. Patients should be monitored closely during the early stages of treatment for adverse effects. After an initial trial of 4 weeks, treatment should be stopped if there is no benefit. Treatment should be interrupted at approximately three monthly intervals to assess the need for continuation of treatment with quinine.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

  • Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.
  • Haemolysis or Haemoglobinuria
  • Optic neuritis
  • Tinnitus
  • Myasthenia gravis, quinine may cause severe respiratory distress and dysphagia in these patients.
  • As quinine has been implicated in precipitating blackwater fever, it is generally contraindicated in patients who have already suffered an attack.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Effect of other drugs on Quinine

Quinine is metabolised via hepatic oxidative cytochrome P450 pathways, predominantly by CYP3A4. There is the potential for increased Quinine toxicity with concurrent use of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, which include azole antifungal drugs and HIV protease inhibitors. Sub-optimal Quinine serum levels may result from concomitant use of CYP3A4 inducers, which include rifampicin, barbiturates, carbamazepine and phenytoin. Care should be taken when Quinine is used in combination with other CYP3A4 substrates, especially those causing prolongation of the QT interval.

Caution is advised when administering quinine with drugs which could prolong the QT interval.

Quinine may increase the levels of phenobarbital and of carbamazepine. Patients should be monitored closely during concomitant use of quinine with these agents.

Effect of Quinine on other drugs

The plasma concentration of flecanide, digoxin and mefloquine may be increased.

Amantadine: Quinine can reduce the renal clearance of amantadine with risk of amantadine toxicity (including headache, nausea, dizziness).

Analgesics: increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias with levacetylmethadol (avoid concomitant use).

Ciclosporin: Quinine can decrease serum plasma concentrations of ciclosporin.

Cardiac glycosides: Quinine increases plasma concentrations of cardiac glycosides and reduced dosage of concomitant cardiac glycosides such as digoxin to half the maintenance dose may be necessary.

Other drug interactions

There is an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias with other drugs which prolong the QT interval, including amiodarone, moxifloxacin, pimozide, thioridzine and halofantrine.

Antiarrhythmics: Concomitant use of amiodarone should be avoided due to the increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. The plasma concentration of flecainide is increased by quinine. Concomitant use of quinidine may increase the possibility of cinchonism.

Antibacterials: There is an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias when moxifloxacin is given with quinine. Rifampicin can reduced the serum levels of quinine, therefore reducing its therapeutic effect.

Anticoagulants: Quinine may cause hypoprothrombinaemia and enhance the effects of anticoagulants.

Caution is advised when administering quinine with drugs which could prolong the QT interval.

Antihistamines: Concomitant use of astemizole and terfenadine should be avoided due to the increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias.

Antimalarials: There may be an increased risk of side effects if quinine is used with other antimalarials, for example, chloroquine, halofantrine and mefloquine (increased risk of convulsions), although this should not prevent their use in severe cases. Quinine may increase the plasma concentration of mefloquine. Chloroquine and quinine appear to be antagonistic when given together for P falciparum malaria. There is an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias with halofantrine.Antipsychotics: There is an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and concomitant use should be avoided with pimozide or thioridazine.

Hypoglycaemics: There is an increased risk of hypoglycaemia when taken concurrently.

Suxamethonium: Quinine enhances the neuromuscular effects of suxamethonium.

Ulcer-healing drugs: Cimetidine inhibits quinine metabolism leading to increased plasma-quinine concentrations.

ADVERSE EFFECTS

Overall
Quinine can adversely affect almost every body system. The most common adverse events associated with quinine use are a cluster of symptoms called “cinchonism”, which occurs to some degree in almost all patients taking quinine.

Symptoms of mild cinchonism include headache, vasodilation and sweating, nausea, tinnitus, hearing impairment, vertigo or dizziness, blurred vision, and disturbance in color perception. More severe symptoms of cinchonism are vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, deafness, blindness, and disturbances in cardiac rhythm or conduction. Most symptoms of cinchonism are reversible and resolve with discontinuation of quinine.

The following adverse reactions have been reported with quinine sulfate. Because these reactions have been reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

General: fever, chills, sweating, flushing, asthenia, lupus-like syndrome, and hypersensitivity reactions.

Hematologic: agranulocytosis, hypoprothrombinemia, thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic anemia; hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, petechiae, ecchymosis, hemorrhage, coagulopathy, blackwater fever, leukopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, and lupus anticoagulant.

Neuropsychiatric: headache, diplopia, confusion, altered mental status, seizures, coma, disorientation, tremors, restlessness, ataxia, acute dystonic reaction, aphasia, and suicide.

Dermatologic: cutaneous rashes, including urticarial, papular, or scarlatinal rashes, pruritus, bullous dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, fixed drug eruption, photosensitivity reactions, allergic contact dermatitis, acral necrosis, and cutaneous vasculitis.

Respiratory: asthma, dyspnea, pulmonary edema.

Cardiovascular: chest pain, vasodilatation, hypotension, postural hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia, palpitations, syncope, atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation, irregular rhythm, unifocal premature ventricular contractions, nodal escape beats, U waves, QT prolongation, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, torsades de pointes, and cardiac arrest.

Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, gastric irritation, and esophagitis.

Hepatobiliary: granulomatous hepatitis, hepatitis, jaundice, and abnormal liver function tests.

Metabolic: hypoglycemia and anorexia.

Musculoskeletal: myalgias and muscle weakness.

Renal: hemoglobinuria, renal failure, renal impairment, and acute interstitial nephritis.

Special Senses: visual disturbances, including blurred vision with scotomata, sudden loss of vision, photophobia, diplopia, night blindness, diminished visual fields, fixed pupillary dilatation, disturbed color vision, optic neuritis, blindness, vertigo, tinnitus, hearing impairment, and deafness.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions:

The PPB Department of Pharmacovigilance was set up with a vision to develop, implement and continuously upgrade an appropriate system for detecting, reporting, and monitoring adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other relevant problems with medicines in Kenya. The department strives to ensure the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products in Kenya.
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorization of the medicinal product are important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals/ Patients are encouraged to report any suspected adverse reactions via Pharmacovigilance Yellow Form, pv@pharmacyboardkenya.org or clicking below button:

Quinine in Kenya
Quinine in Kenya
Quinine in Kenya
Quinine in Kenya
Quinine in Kenya
Quinine in Kenya
Quinine in Kenya
Quinine in Kenya

Clinical | Pharmacokinetic data


Pregnancy Category: N (Not classified yet)
Routes of Administration: By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, rectal
Bioavailability: Not Available
Protein Binding: 70–95%
Metabolosim: Liver (mostly CYP3A4 and CYP2C19-mediated)
Onset of Action: N/A
Elimination Half life: 8–14 hours (adults), 6–12 hours (children)
Excretion: Kidney (20%)

Legal Status | Dosage forms & Strengths


Prescription Category:
Prescription only Medicine (POM) , ℞-only
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control ) Act Schedule:
This drug is not a controlled substance under Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control ) Act
Dosage Forms | Strengths:


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